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Wen, S. P., Xing, Z. B., Huang, H., Li, B. L., Wang, W., & Nie, Z. R. (2009). The effect of erbium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Mn-Zr alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 516(1-2), 42–49.
Abstract: The influences of erbium (Er) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Mg–Mn–Zr alloys have been investigated. It has been found that about 0.2 wt.% Er can be dissolved in the matrix, excess Er atoms segregate at grain boundaries to form primary Al3Er. Addition of 0.4 wt.% Er refines the grain size of the as-cast alloy due to the formation of primary Al3Er. The solid solution decomposes to form a dispersion of secondary Al3Er, with facets parallel to {1 0 0} and {1 1 0} planes, during homogenization at 470 °C. The secondary Al3Er precipitates improve strength, especially the elevated temperature strength. The yield strength, at 150 °C, of the alloy with 0.2 wt.% Er is 50% higher than that of the Er-free alloy. The recrystallization temperature of the alloy with 0.4 wt.% Er is about 25 °C higher than that of the alloy without addition of Er.
Keywords: Al3Er; Aluminum alloy; Erbium; Mechanical properties; Microstructure
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Williams, D. B. (1981). Microstructural characteristics of aluminum-lithium alloys.
Abstract: The pptn. reactions occurring in Al-Li [37197-42-5] alloys are described. Particular ref. is made to the role of the intermediate delta '-ppt., its aging characteristics, and potential effect on mech. properties. The phase diagram and possible microstructural effects of common ternary addns. to the basic binary alloy are discussed.
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Richert, J., Mroczkowski, M., & Gellner, J. (2006). A NEW AGING METHOD OF EXTRUDED AIMgSi ALLOYS IN T5 TEMPER. Rudy i Metale Niezelazne, 51(12), 747–753.
Abstract: Influence of multi-step aging on the mechanical properties of 6005A aluminium alloy (Al-0,55Mg-0,75Si) in T5 temper has been investigated in this study. The investigations of aging processes were carried out using industrial manufactured extrusions, which were solution treated by press quenching. Four different two- and three-step methods of aging were accepted for the laboratory tests. All aging processes were performed in the same time of 6.5 hours. The effect of low- and high temperature preaging on the final age hardening was analysed. The best results were obtained in the three-step aged conditions: at 75 deg C/0.5 h, 150 deg C/0.5 h and 195 deg C/2.5 h. It was noted, that probably these aging conditions leads to the formation of the increased number density of the ,l3-precipitates. As a result, it is possible to obtain the high strength of 6005A alloy in T5 temper close to 300 MPa.
Keywords: Density; Aluminum base alloys; Press quenching; Age hardening; Extrusion; Mechanical properties; Extrusions; High strength; Laboratory tests
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Kotula, P. G., Keenan, M. R., & Michael, J. R. (2006). Tomographic Spectral Imaging with Multivariate Statistical Analysis: Comprehensive 3D Microanalysis. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 12(1), 36–48.
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Ma, E. (2006). Dissolving equilibrium-immiscible elements via severe plastic deformation. Materials Transactions, 47(5), 1269–1274.
Abstract: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA Severe plastic deformation has the fascinating power of alloying equilibrium-immiscible elements, overriding the thermodynamic driving force (positive heat of mixing) that would dictate phase separation in equilibrium. This article briefly reviews the current understanding of this subject, in terms of experimental evidence for atomic-level alloying and phase selection, and in particular the models proposed to explain the driven intermixing. Outstanding issues that await future research are also discussed.
Keywords: Alloying; Alloying elements; Plastic deformation; United States; Heat of mixing; Phase separation; Thermodynamics; Dissolution; Phase selection; Driving
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